Critical Infrastructures Cybersecurity: Recent developments, trends, and challenges

The latest developments in ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) have brought numerous opportunities to improve and increase the efficiency of various systems, including those classified as CI (Critical Infrastructure) systems. But in addition to the benefits, new challenges arise that, if not adequately addressed, can result in catastrophic accidents. One of the biggest challenges is Cybersecurity. In this paper, we seek to identify the best and worst that has been done in this field, seeking to identify the Cybersecurity model(s) that best respond to these challenges.

European armament cooperation: an achievable goal for Europeans thanks to OCCAR – a framework of excellence for joint programme management

In the 18th and 19th centuries, despite giving the impression of being divided, Europeans had the potential to dominate the world due to their substantial lead in fields such as science, technology, transportation and armament. Those days are now behind us. The World Wars of the 20th century, for which Europe itself was responsible, significantly weakened the continent, causing it to lose the lead it once held. Today, “continent-sized nations —established or rising global powers such as the United States, China, India, Russia and Brazil—represent a significant challenge for Europeans. It is easier for these nations to discuss or negotiate bilaterally with individual European countries, who are in a weaker position, than to face a united Europe, which is, still today, the world’s leading trading force and second largest economy. On their own, our old European nations, even the most powerful ones (Germany, France, etc.), are no longer a match for these “continent-sized nations”

France and its borders: a singular geopolitical situation

France’s national borders and other boundaries.
Borders are natural or virtual lines marking the boundaries between two different nations and comprising sections known as dyads. These lines mark the limits of the jurisdictions of the individual sovereign States according to international public law and are governed, as a general rule, by treaties registered with the UN.

The Future of European Defence is Being Defined in Ukraine

The invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 marked a major turning point in post-Cold War international relations. It has cast doubt on the rule of law, revived power dynamics, and questioned the global dominance of the United States and Western democracies, along with their values. 2024 will be a critical year for Ukraine, NATO, and the future of European defence.

THINKING IT OVER OR OVERTHINKING?

We live in a world in which we are constantly bombarded with information of all kinds, often contradictory. Our brains are so overloaded that it is increasingly difficult for us to sort out the wheat from the chaff, separate truth from lies and generally discern what is best for us, our communities, our alliances, our country, our Europe.

Strengthening the Alliance’s European Pillar

Strengthening European defence and the European pillar of the Alliance at the same time has become a matter of urgency. Whatever the outcome of the American elections and whatever the final outcome of the war in Ukraine and the temporary conditions of a ceasefire, the European Union must invest more and better in creating own deterrence and credibility vis-à-vis Putin. It is suggested that the European allies engage in a dialogue with the United States after the recent NATO Summit in Washington to gain their full support for this urgent and much-needed endeavour?

Geostrategic position of Portugal in the global submarine cable network. Challenges and Opportunities

“…We currently live in a changing world where the control of large maritime spaces has become a priority for States, especially when there is a concern for sovereignty over these spaces and we intend to monitor everything that can contribute to our sustainable development. In Portugal. The “new” SMART Cables technology will be a relevant contribution to this goal. In this opinion article we intend to raise some key questions and contribute to a debate that we believe to be useful and very necessary for the development and security in Portugal and in the world…”.
COL Luís Bernardino

Navigating the Cyber Resilience Act

The CRA is a pivotal EU legislation aimed at setting comprehensive cybersecurity standards for products with digital elements and the processes involved in their production. It outlines specific compliance obligations for organizations and conformity assessments manufacturers must undertake to ensure their products meet essential requirements, with different levels of scrutiny based on the product’s significance and potential impact.

Warfare in the 21st Century Postmodern World: Causes and Consequences for States’ Survival

Complexity in international relations has been growing with the increase in the number of states present since the UN’s inception, each having different views and interests, which sometimes led to conflictual interactions and growing tensions in their international relations. Recently, the involvement of new international actors other than nation-states that emerged with relevant roles in the international arena introduced additional uncertainty and brought even more complexity to the international system. The involvement of an array of new non-state actors in conflict, the empowerment of individuals, and the diffusion of power among states and from states to informal networks have already had a tectonic global impact on the international security system that forced a debate about the new character of conflict and war.

“Europeanising” NATO: a pipedream or an obvious necessity for Europeans?

European misconceptions over the relationship between the USA and NATO are commonplace: there is an unfortunate tendency to confuse US defence structures with NATO. There are many reasons why Europeans in general, and the French in particular, fail to understand the true nature of the relationship.